Definition and Examples of a Persona in Literature

Definition and Examples of a Persona in Literature A persona is a voice or mask that an author, speaker, or performer puts on for a particular purpose. Plural: personae or personas. Persona comes from the Latin word meaning mask, and may also be referred to as an implied author or an artificial author. Author Katherine Anne Porter explained the relation between writing style and persona: A cultivated style would be like a mask. Everybody knows its a mask, and sooner or later you must show yourself - or at least, you show yourself as someone who could not afford to show himself, and so created something to hide behind (Writers at Work, 1963). Similarly, essayist E.B. White observed that writing is a form of imposture. Im not at all sure I am anything like the person I seem to a reader. Various Observations on Persona [L]ike the I of the lyric and of the real and invented autobiography, the I of the essayist is a mask.(Joseph P. Clancy, The Literary Genres in Theory and Practice. College English, April 1967)The artful I of an essay can be as chameleon as any narrator in fiction.(Edward Hoagland, What I Think, What I Am)He who speaks is not he who writes, and he who writes is not he who is.†(Roland Barthes, quoted by Arthur Krystal in Except When I Write. Oxford University Press, 2011)You may rely on it that you have the best of me in my books, and that I am not worth seeing personally - the stuttering, blundering, clod-hopper that I am.(Henry David Thoreau, letter to Calvin H. Greene, February 10, 1856)Writing is a form of imposture. Im not at all sure I am anything like the person I seem to a reader. . . .[T]he man on paper is always a more admirable character than his creator, who is a miserable creature of nose colds, minor compromises, and sudden flights into nobility. . . . I suppose r eaders who feel friendly toward someone whose work they like seldom realize that they are drawn more toward a set of aspirations than toward a human being.(E.B. White, Letters of E.B. White, ed. by Dorothy Lobrano Guth. Harper, 1976) [T]he person in a personal essay is a written construct, a fabricated thing, a character of sortsthe sound of its voice a byproduct of carefully chosen words, its recollection of experience, its run of thought and feeling, much tidier than the mess of memories, thoughts, and feelings arising in ones consciousness. . . . Indeed, when personal essayists write about self-embodiment in the essay, they often acknowledge an element of fabrication or of artful impersonation.(Carl H. Klaus, The Made-Up Self: Impersonation in the Personal Essay. University of Iowa Press, 2010) Perlman on Person and Persona Persona is the Latin word for the masks used in the Greek drama. It meant that the actor was heard and his identity recognized by others through the sounds that issued from the open mask mouth. From it the word person emerged to express the idea of a human being who meant something, who represented something, and who seemed to have some defined connectedness with others by action or affects. (We still use person to connote this: we say of an infant who begins to show awareness of self in relation to others, Hes becoming a person.) A person makes himself known, felt, taken in by others, through his particular roles and their functions. Some of his personae - his masks - are readily detachable and put aside, but others become fused with his skin and bone.(Helen Harris Perlman, Persona: Social Role and Personality. University of Chicago Press, 1986) Hemingway's Public Persona According to those who knew him well, Hemingway was a sensitive, often shy man whose enthusiasm for life was balanced by his ability to listen intently . . . That was not the Hemingway of the news stories. The media wanted and encouraged a brawnier Hemingway, a two-fisted man whose life was fraught with dangers. The author, a newspaper man by training, was complicit in this creation of a public persona, a Hemingway that was not without factual basis, but also not the whole man. Critics, especially, but the public as well, Hemingway hinted in his 1933 letter to [Maxwell] Perkins, were eager automatically to label Hemingways characters as himself, which helped establish the Hemingway persona, a media-created Hemingway that would shadow - and overshadow - the man and writer.(Michael Reynolds, Hemingway in Our Times. The New York Times, July 11, 1999) Borges and the Other Self It is to my other self, to Borges, that things happen. I walk about Buenos Aires and I pause, almost mechanically, to contemplate the arch of an entry or the portal of a church; news of Borges comes to me in the mail, and I see his name on a short list of professors or in a biographical dictionary. I am fond of hourglasses, maps, 18th-century typography, the etymology of words, the tang of coffee, and the prose of Stevenson; the other one shares these enthusiasms, but in a rather vain, theatrical way. . . .I cannot tell which one of us is writing this page.(Jorge Luis Borges, Borges and I)

Pre-Pottery Neolithic - Farms and Feasts Before Pottery

Pre-Pottery Neolithic - Farms and Feasts Before Pottery The Pre-Pottery Neolithic (abbreviated PPN and often spelled as PrePottery Neolithic) is the name given to the people who domesticated the earliest plants and lived in farming communities in the Levant and Near East. The PPN culture contained most of the attributes we think of Neolithicexcept pottery, which was not used in the Levant until ca. 5500 BC. The designations PPNA and PPNB (for Pre-Pottery Neolithic A and so forth) were first developed by Kathleen Kenyon to use at the complex excavations at Jericho, which is probably the best known PPN site. PPNC, referring to the terminal Early Neolithic was first identified at Ain Ghazal by Gary O. Rollefson. Pre-Pottery Neolithic Chronology PPNA (ca 10,500 to 9,500 BP) Jericho, Netiv Hagdud, Nahul Oren, Gesher, Dhar, Jerf al Ahmar, Abu Hureyra, Gà ¶bekli Tepe, Chogha Golan, BeidhaPPNB (ca 9,500 to 8200 BP) Abu Hureyra, Ain Ghazal, Çatalhà ¶yà ¼k, Cayà ¶nà ¼ Tepesi, Jericho, Shillourokambos, Chogha Golan, Gobekli Tepe PPNC (ca 8200 to 7500 BP) Hagoshrim, Ain Ghazal PPN Rituals Ritual behavior during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic is quite remarkable, indicated by the presence of large human figurines at sites such as Ain Ghazal, and plastered skulls at Ain Ghazal, Jericho, Beisomoun and Kfar HaHoresh. A plastered skull was made by modeling a plaster replica of skin and features onto a human skull. In some cases, cowry shells were used for eyes, and sometimes they were painted using cinnabar or other iron-rich elements. Monumental architecturelarge buildings constructed by the community for use as gathering spaces for those communities and allied peoplehad its very first beginnings in the PPN, at sites such as  Nevali Çori and Hallan Çemi; hunter-gatherers of the PPN also constructed the significant site of  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Gà ¶bekli Tepe, an apparently nonresidential structure built for ritual gathering purposes. Crops of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Crops domesticated during the PPN include the founder crops: the cereals (einkorn and emmer wheat and barley), the pulses (lentil, pea, bitter vetch, and chickpea), and a fiber crop (flax). Domesticated forms of these crops have been excavated at sites such as Abu Hureyra, Cafer Hà ¼yà ¼k, Cayà ¶nà ¼ and Nevali Çori. In addition, the sites of Gilgal and Netiv Hagdud have produced some evidence supporting the domestication of fig trees during the PPNA. Animals domesticated during the PPNB include sheep, goats, and possibly  cattle. Domestication as a Collaborative Process? A recent study at the site of Chogha Golan in Iran (Riehl, Zeidi and Conard 2013) has provided information concerning the apparently wide-spread and perhaps collaborative nature of the domestication process. Based on the exception preservation of the botanical remains, the researchers were able to compare the Chogha Golan assemblage to other PPN sites from all over the Fertile Crescent and extending into Turkey, Israel and Cyprus, and have concluded that there might very well have been inter-regional information and crop flow, which might account for the nearly simultaneous invention of agriculture in the region. In particular, they note that crop domestication of seed plants (such as emmer and einkorn wheat  and barley) seems to have arisen throughout the region at the same time, leading the Tà ¼bingen-Iranian Stone Age Research Project (TISARP) to conclude that inter-regional information flow must have occurred. Sources This Guide to Prehistory is part of the About.com Guide to the Neolithic and the Guide to European Prehistory. Garrard AN, and Byrd BF. 2013. Beyond the Fertile Crescent: Late Palaeolithic and Neolithic Communities of the Jordanian Steppe. The Azraq Basin Project. Oxford: Oxbow Press.Goren Y, Goring-Morris AN, and Segal I. 2001. The Technology of Skull Modelling in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB): Regional Variability, the Relation of Technology and Iconography and their Archaeological Implications. Journal of Archaeological Science 28(7):671-690.Haber A, and Dayan T. 2004. Analyzing the process of domestication: Hagoshrim as a case study. Journal of Archaeological Science 31(11):1587-1601.Hardy-Smith T, and Edwards PC. 2004. The Garbage Crisis in prehistory: artefact discard patterns at the Early Natufian site of Wadi Hammeh 27 and the origins of household refuse disposal strategies. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 23(3):253-289.Kuijt I. 2000. People and Space in Early Agricultural Villages: Exploring Daily Lives, Community Size, and Architecture in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19(1):75-102. Lev-Yadun S, Abbo S, and Doebley J. 2002. Wheat, rye, and barley on the cob? Nature Biotechnology 20(4):337-338.Pinhasi R, and Pluciennik M. 2004. A Regional Biological Approach to the Spread of Farming in Europe: Anatolia, the Levant, South-Eastern Europe, and the Mediterranean. Current Anthropology 45(S4):S59-S82.Riehl S, Pustovoytov K, Weippert H, Klett S, and Hole F. 2014. Drought stress variability in ancient Near Eastern agricultural systems evidenced by d13C in barley grain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(34):12348-12353.Riehl S, Zeidi M, and Conard NJ. 2013. Emergence of agriculture in the foothills of the Zagros mountains of Iran. Science 341:65-67.

Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome Term Paper

Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome - Term Paper Example In simple terms, this means that it cannot officially be diagnosed via scientific methods and thus as a result it has been the subject of much controversy between the supporters of its existence and the opposing side that demand proof of its presence (Hornor, 2010). The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome can be described as the way in which a child who is undergoing sexual abuse responds to the situation (Walsh & DiLillo, 2011). This includes their behavior and reaction to facing such a travesty and is considered to behind the manner in which an abused child will act in various scenarios (Kogan, 2005). The Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome attempts to understand the thinking of a child who may be suffer through such abuse in a means to understand why they behave in the manner that they do, and it has been included in a number of court cases as a means of presenting proof that a child was abused (Kogan, 2005). Summit claimed that this syndrome consists of five stages th at a child who is being abused goes through and they include: Secrecy – This is the tendency for the child to keep what they are going through to themselves and avoid telling others especially authority figures. This can be said to as a result of a number of emotions that the child may be experiencing at that point in time that prevents them from working up the nerve to tell somebody about what is happening to them (Crosson-Tower, 2008). These emotions can include feelings like shame and embarrassment of what is going on and in many cases fear as well as the perpetrator is more likely to threaten them about disclosing what is happening to them. Helplessness – This is the second stage of CSAAS and it is where the abused child feels powerless to stop what is happening to them (Hornor, 2010). In many cases, the individual who is abusing the child is usually in a position of power, either authoritative or physical in nature which makes the child feel like they cannot do an ything to stop what is happening to them. As a result, the feeling of helplessness over the situation creeps up inside the victim (Crosson-Tower, 2008). Entrapment and accommodation – In this stage the abused child will more than likely try to deal with the situation in the best way possible and that is via accommodation of their suffering (Hornor, 2010). This may be in the form of the child making excuses for what is happening to them such as that it as a result of the fact that they have done something bad and are being punished for it (Crosson-Tower, 2008). This occurs as a result of the growth of a feeling of entrapment that rises as a bye product of the helplessness that they feel in the second stage (Walsh & DiLillo, 2011). It can be said that this is a consequence of the development of an emotional coping mechanism that helps them get through the ordeal. Delayed Disclosure – In this stage the child finally works up the courage to tell somebody what is happening to them, but this occurs after they have gone through the ordeal for a period of time (Crosson-Tower, 2008). The reason for delayed disclosure can be said to be as a result of the fact that it takes some time before a child is able to work up the nerve to tell someone about what is going as a result of the feeling of helplessness that occurs in the second stage (Hornor, 2010). It usually occurs after the child can no longer take what is going on

Ethical considerations in the current business environement and the Essay

Ethical considerations in the current business environement and the impact it can have on human resource management - Essay Example The Impact of Ethical Considerations on Human Resource Management This section includes a discussion on the impact of new ethical considerations on human resource practices which include hiring employees, retaining employees, and responsibilities of current employees in regards with the use of new technology. Conclusion This section sums up the overall discussion and presents a short review of the importance of ethics in the success of a business. Introduction The importance of business ethics can never be denied because they are imperative for the success of individuals and businesses. According to Patil (2012), business ethics is a behavior that shapes individual behaviors, as well as consumers’ perception about a company. As Frederick (2002) states, â€Å"business ethics, like most areas of ethics, often tends to focus on principles of actions, on the action itself and its consequences† (p. 30). If employees of a company do not behave ethically regarding any particul ar business matter, various destructive effects occur as a result. Companies set practical business ethics codes that help them in making their business activities legal, as well as in maintaining their public image (Frenz, n.d.). Some examples of ethical considerations or ethical codes that companies promote at the workplace include truthfulness, respect towards others, equality, demonstration of corporate social responsibility, adherence to laws and social values. In this paper, we will discuss the impact of some ethical considerations on the human resource management activities of a company. For this purpose, an organization will be selected and its ethical considerations in the current business environment will be reviewed to know the effects of implemented ethical considerations on HR practices. Selected Organization The organization selected for review is University Hospitals Case Medical Center (UHCMC) located in Ohio. UHCMC is a private hospital which specializes in cancer a nd orthopedic treatments. The aim of the hospital’s management is to bring continuous improvement in patient care and other activities related to patients’ treatment processes. Let us discuss two major ethical considerations that the management of the hospital has implemented recently related to the use of hospital management information system. Ethical Considerations in the Current Business Environment The ethical considerations that the management of the hospital has added recently to the code of ethics include ensuring confidentiality of medical records and improving patient care using new technology. The hospital has started using Management Information System (MIS) to computerize all information. The MIS will help healthcare professionals in recording patients’ updates in the hospital’s database and retrieving it when required. The system will also generate accurate and relevant reports based on the information stored in the database. The information to be stored includes all details about a patient’s medical history, present medical condition, and ongoing treatment. As every employee of the hospital will be using the system for different information related purposes, so there exists a need to ensure improved confidentiality of patients’ private information stored in the system. Moreover, the management of the hospital has also made it necessary for the employees to make a fair use

Day Dreaming Essay Example for Free

Day Dreaming Essay I have always dreamed of the perfect vacation, the perfect place to go. As I have just returned from that very location, I am excited to share the experience with everyone. I am sure that you, too, will want to visit this place where only your wildest dreams could compare. While shopping at a local grocery store I noticed an entry box for a free, all expenses paid getaway. I have always wanted a dream vacation, but without finding the time and the extra money, that was exactly what it would always be, a dream. The entry form said it was a getaway, not a vacation. So what was the difference? As I read the small print on the entry form I expected to find the catch that most of these offers have. I was surprised to find no catch. No salesman would call. No mass marketing e-mails would invade my e-mail box. The entry form simply stated that the winner would receive an all-expenses paid getaway. I entered the drawing with thoughts of getting away from the daily grind. As I left the store with my few bags of groceries, I found myself wondering where this getaway was. The entry never said anything about the location. If I were to win, I hoped that it would be someplace warm. I let my thoughts run wild as I made the drive home. I was amazed at how good I felt just thinking about the perfect vacation. All too soon my thoughts returned to real life and what was. During the next month, after what seemed like the longest day ever, I arrived home to find a letter in the mailbox stating that I had won the all-expenses-paid getaway. My family has always called me lucky, but I have never been this lucky. There had to be a catch. As I sat down to read the letter I felt just absolutely exhausted. I reclined on the sofa and continued reading the award letter. Before I knew it I had dozed off. A short time later I find myself driving to the airport. I was ushered to a very large private Leer Jet. I was stopped in my tracks the moment I stepped through the entrance to the aircraft. I was amazed at the comfort level of the interior. The seats were overstuffed, soft, tan leather. There were perfectly placed tables and couches. The excitement of a real getaway was truly setting in. Strange as it was, I was not worried about the destination. The letter said to pack a small bag of only the bare necessities, so I packed two large pieces of luggage with everything I could think of that I might need on this getaway. I was greeted by a very lovely lady, and as she showed me to my seat for the flight, I was told that once we were airborne that I could feel free to wander about the jet. As I sat in the overstuffed seat I felt my body relax. My mind slowly let go of all thoughts of my daily life and stresses. Take off was barely perceptible. I glanced out of what seemed to be a large window for an aircraft and watched the world I knew slowly disappear into the distance. I relaxed and closed my eyes. As the jet drifted off into the blue sky, I too drifted off. I cannot tell you how long we were in flight; as if in a dream I realized that we had landed. The landing strip was a beautiful field of grass. The outer edge of the landing strip was lined with the most beautiful green trees I had ever seen. As I reached the exit door of the jet, I saw only beauty. I didn’t know where I was, but I really didn’t care at that point. There was a golf cart waiting for me at the bottom of the stairs. The driver was a very handsome young man. After a brief introduction he drove me to a very inviting bungalow and told me that this was where I would be staying during my visit. The bungalow had a well-appointed, covered, raised front deck area before the entrance. The view was more than I had ever hoped for. The oversized bungalow was everything I had ever dreamed of; the furnishings were made to order from my very own wish list. The colors of the decor were inviting yet calming. Not a wish or expectation had been left out. The rooms were much larger than I thought they would be. My luggage had already been delivered and as I began to put things in the closet and drawers, I found that my every need had already been provided for. There were clothes in the closet that were just my size and I could clearly see that they were made for a location just as this. I could not remember a time that I had felt so comfortable and relaxed. On the desk I found a brochure explaining that anything I could ever want to do, experience, purchase or eat was only a thought away. I decided to sit on the front deck and just take it all in. On the table outside next to a lovely chaise lounge was a bottle of my favorite beverage. I smiled as I sat and sipped the cool drink. I hadn’t eaten all day and thoughts of what I would like to eat became clear. Just then a golf cart rolled up to the bungalow and a silver dinning tray was delivered to the outside table. The young waiter said nothing and left. The meal was exquisite. Never before had I tasted food so flavorful. Here I was on vacation and so satisfied to stay right here, relaxed. No sooner than I began to anticipate the sunset, it began. The sunset was anything but short lived. The colors were radiant. The entire scene, with all the colors, the mountains in the distance, the trees, all seemed to soak into my soul. It was just absolutely breathtaking. I really did not want to call it a day, but the thoughts of a limitless tomorrow made it easy to retire to the exquisite bedroom of the bungalow and stretch out on the luxurious bed. I dosed off to sleep with the sound of a gentle breeze through the trees and the distant sound of small waves lapping against a beach. The next morning as I stared into the mirror, after my glorious shower, I found that my own reflection seemed much younger. I felt so alive and reenergize! I decided to visit the small town, not too far from the Bungalow, that the brochure said would be a delight. As I entered the colorful little community, I noticed several small store fronts and shops that offered for sale anything a person could want. As I made my first purchase, I was very surprised when the sales person refused my cash I tried to hand him. The sales person, seeing my shock, informed me that cash was only a temporary illusion as were all tangible treasures that most people cling to. Furthermore, I was informed that I would find, in my wallet, just enough cash to purchase anything I may want, however, I would not need it. As I continued to visit the remaining shops, I was delighted each time I wanted to make a purchase, to find just enough cash in my wallet, but the cashiers would not accept any of it. The next several days brought a joyous time of swimming in the warm crystal blue waters of a secluded lake that was like a lagoon off the coast of Australia, sunning on a sensational beach, and hiking some of the most profound and beautiful mountains I have ever had the pleasure to see. The food had more than met my every expectation. Sleep had never been so satisfying. Every morning I was awakened by a delightful, brilliant sunrise and every evening was blissfully serene. I knew that all too soon my short getaway would have to come to an end. I chose to spend the last day of this wonderful vacation on the glorious beach I had visited several times. I swam freely in the warm water and snorkeled the coral reef where I was met with a burst of colorful coral and stunning little fish. Feeling somewhat exhausted for the first time during my stay, I decided to relax on the soft white sand and soon fell asleep. Somewhere in that sweet spot just before wakefulness, I felt something crawling on my foot and there was a phone ringing and the obnoxious noise of traffic. It surely must be a dream right? The thing rawling on my foot brought me to full consciousness. In a flash my dream vacation was over. I awoke to find myself still reclined on the sofa, letter in hand, telling me that my dream vacation was just that, only a dream, and out of the corner of my eye, crawling across the floor, I see the spider that brought my dream vacation to an end. You may be wondering how difficult it was to return to the reality of daily life. I must tell you that it was not all that hard because I know that I or anyone can return to this refreshing location in a matter of moments. You need only let your mind drift to where it really wants to be. Daydreaming is easy and has also been touted as good for you. A deep daydream can easily turn into a dream. An article from QualityHealth. com states that recent research conducted at the University of British Columbia in Canada reveals that not only is daydreaming extremely common (experts say we spend one-third of our lives doing it), but its actually healthy. It turns out that when we let our minds wander, numerous areas of the brain are activated, more than were previously thought. And were not even aware were doing it. In this study, scientists placed subjects inside a special scanner and had them perform a routine task. Their attentiveness was gauged using brain scans, their performance on the task, and reports by subjects themselves. Not only did the parts of the subjects brains responsible for easy mental tasks activate, but so did the so-called executive network responsible for processing more complicated thoughts and problems. What does this mean? When you put aside that tough essay after working on it for several hours in order to sit on your porch and stare at the flowers, it doesnt mean youre lazy. It means your brain is smart enough to recognize that switching to a more mundane activity allows complex thought to take place. By letting your mind wander, youre allowing it to hit on the solutions to problems that may have eluded you before. In fact, many creative people claim that they get their best ideas while doing something routine, such as taking a shower or going for a run. And some of the smartest kids in school may spend part of their classroom time doodling or staring out the window. Teachers or bosses may not approve of your daydreaming, but it is generally a healthy thing. Of course, if daydreaming takes up so much of your time that youre having trouble getting even basic chores completed, you probably should learn to focus a little more. Otherwise, dont worry about those mental time-outs that reenergize and refresh you for the tasks at hand. So, as you can see, you can go anywhere you want, do anything you want, see anything you want, touch, feel, or taste anything you can dream up. This can be done in a matter of minutes or if you have the time, you can spend hours at any location of your choice, in a daydream.

David Copperfield: The Many Differences Between James Steerforth And T :: essays research papers

David Copperfield: The many differences between James Steerforth and Tommy Traddles In the novel, David Copperfield, Charles Dickens contrasts many different characters. The main two characters that he contrasts are Tommy Traddles and James Steerforth. He displays the contrast between these two characters in many different ways. The only common thing that they share is their close friendship with David. Dickens shows these differences through their looks, personalities, and the final results of their lives. For one thing, Charles Dickens contrasts these two characters through their looks. He tells the readers that James Steerforth is an extremely handsome young person whom everyone seems to adore. In every instance in the book when someone sees him for the first time, they recognize him as being very attractive. He was described as being tall and thin character. On the other hand, Traddles was pictured as being somewhat on the heavy side. He reminds the reader of the fat clumsy kid in their own school. Dickens portrays this when he says, "Poor Traddles! In a tight sky-blue suit that made his arms and legs like German sausages, or roly-poly puddings," (143). Besides being different in appearance, Charles Dickens contrasts these two characters through their personalities. From the beginning, James Steerforth leads people to believe that he is a good person. There are many instances in which he shows off his true colors. The first sign of his deceitful manner occurs when David allows Steerforth to keep his money. Steerforth uses this money to buy food for many of the students. Steerforth displays his selfishness when he insults his schoolmaster, Mr. Mell, and gets him fired. Again, Steerforth shows his stern personality again when David arrives in London, and he is given a very small room over a stable. Steerforth confronts the hotel employee, and David is given a much better room. The greatest example of Steerforth's brute personality is when he runs off with little Em'ly. Dickens tells us that Steerforth and Em'ly fought a lot and finally Steerforth leaves her, and suggests she marries Littimer. On the other hand, Tommy Traddles is a very nice person. Traddles shows his kindness by introducing David to the boys at the Salem House. Charles Dickens shows Traddles' personality when he says of him, "He was very honourable, Traddles was, and held it as a solemn duty in the boys to stand by one another" (143). Traddles is a strong-willed person. Even though he receives more punishment than anyone else at the school, he maintains his honor. Traddles is a very reserved person. He keeps many of his feelings

Prospects and Problems of Snails Production in Nigeria

CHAPTER ONE 1. 1. Introduction Nigeria's economic recovery programmes have necessitated a radical shift from total dependence on government for job to self-employment. One such attractive area for self-employment is snail rearing. It is a great money-spinning business that can provide a substantial source of protein to complement Nigerian carbohydrate meals. Sadly Nigerians inclination to go into business in the fields where thousands have already made their fortune has led to the ulter neglect of such lucrative area of snail farming in Nigeria or export at international market. Many people see snails here and there.Some people take it as meat. But quite a number don't know how to go about rearing them. This is made worse because snails, which belong to the family of animal called MOLLUSCA, is a hermaphrodite. It has both the female and male sexual organs; so one cannot really distinguish between the male and female specie of it. 1. 2. Overview Snails that respire using a lung belong to the group Pulmonata, while those with gills form a polyphyletic group; in other words, snails with gills form a number of taxonomic groups that are not necessarily more closely related to each other than they are related to some other groups.Both snails that have lungs and snails that have gills have diversified so widely over geological time that a few species with gills can be found on land and numerous species with lungs can be found in freshwater. Even a few marine species have lungs. Snails can be found in a very wide range of environments, including ditches, deserts, and the abyssal depths of the sea. Although many people are familiar with terrestrial snails, they are in the minority. Marine snails constitute the majority of snail species, and have much greater diversity and a greater biomass.Numerous kinds of snail can also be found in fresh water. Most snails have thousands of microscopic tooth-like structures located on a ribbon-like tongue called a radula. The radula w orks like a file, ripping food into small pieces. Many snails are herbivorous, eating plants or rasping algae from surfaces with their radulae, though a few land species and many marine species are omnivores or predatory carnivores. CHAPTER TWO 2. 1. SNAIL FARMING IN NIGERIA Nigeria's economic recovery programmes have necessitated a radical shift from total dependence on government for job to self-employment.One such attractive area for self-employment is snail rearing. It is a great money-spinning business that can provide a substantial source of protein to complement Nigerian carbohydrate meals. Sadly Nigerians inclination to go into business in the fields where thousands have already made their fortune has led to the ulter neglect of such lucrative area of snail farming in Nigeria  or export at international market. CHAPTER THREE 3. 1. Problems of snail production 1. Population Control This is a sticky subject for a lot of people but it's important to think about this sensibly if you intend to keep snails.With certain species able to lay 1200+ eggs in one year it is completely impractical to hatch all your eggs. And with most species, eggs are almost guaranteed. So let's deal with the options you have or may have heard: 1. Keeping snails isolated This is a common suggestion but I don't think it is a practical solution for a number of reasons. I'd favour the opinion that snails do best with others and most people wouldn't wish to keep one snail, and you may not have the tanks to start splitting them all up. Also, some species of snail can self-fertilise if necessary. 2.Picking snails that are notoriously hard to breed or in high demand This isn't a bad suggestion; you'll not have any trouble finding homes for the babies. Remember though, that new breeds are in high demand but may not necessarily be difficult to breed. Your first few clutches may fly out the door, but it's likely those new owners will have similar success. Some species can be fertile within a few months, so the day when you'll struggle to re-home them is merely postponed. 3. Discouraging breeding through environmental conditions This is a bit like the rhythm method in humans, in that it is likely to be very risky.Most likely you'll end up with unhappy snails and eggs anyway. 4. Destroying unwanted eggs The vast majority of snail keepers choose to destroy any unwanted eggs as soon as they are found. The sooner the better because they develop quite quickly, particularly if the snail has retained them for longer than usual. Destroying the eggs is more humane than hatching 1000s of unwanted babies. Owners of tropical species do this and liken it much to the viability that is realistically found in the wild.A lot of eggs will be eaten, some won't develop and the chance of a baby snail surviving to adulthood is very poor. To destroy eggs you can simply crush, boil or freeze them, the latter the most popular method. Most people check the soil every few days, particularly in hot weather. More often than not snails will lay against the bottom or side of a tank so they are easy to spot. Some snails hold eggs inside for longer than usual so the eggs can be more developed but in the majority of cases, great conditions in captivity mean they can lay as soon as they are formed.Native snail eggs generally take longer to hatch than tropical ones, 20-40 days, perhaps shorter in hot weather, so destroying them within a day or two of being laid means they are just fluid with no embryo in. Tropical eggs can hatch within a day or two so you have to be ultra vigilant. 5. Breeding Information (Self-fertilisation) â€Å"The Pulmonates are hermaphroditic. Most are outcrossers, exchanging spermatophores, containing spermatozoa at mating. Others self-fertilise, at least some of the time; in some, parts of the male reproductive system may be lost. Firstly, I can't be sure that by mention of â€Å"self-fertilise† it means â€Å"fertilising oneself with ones own spe rm† or whether it simply means they control the process of choosing when and which sperm to fertilise themselves with. CHAPTER FOUR 4. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS FAVOURING SURVIVAL AND RAISING OF SNAIL   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Environment is the combination of external physical conditions that affect and influence the growth, development and survival of organisms. Snail farms can be indoors or outdoors provided environmental conditions necessary for survival prevails for optimum production of snail the following environmental factors are ideal. 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Temperature: Temperature influences the activities of snails temperature above 200c will cause the snails to as stivate our hibernate in order to regulate the body fluid continual snails thrive well under ambient temperature of 200c with considerable growth rate all year round with zero chance of aestivation. Temperature and humidity 80 hand in hand and are very critical in the survival of snails. (2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Humidity: This factor is very critical as the snail has to maintain a constant equilibrium between the fluids.A humid environment is required for snail to remain active and bred all years round. A is therefore necessary to moisten the environment during fry periods. (3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Light: Snail though generally nocturnal requires light for optimum growth. Provided the amount of light in terms of quantity and quality is very arucil in the life of snail. 4. Soil: Soil is a medium for reproduction of snails good management practice involves selection and mixture of soil. It should be recalled that soil harbour a lot of pests predators and soil should diseases.It becomes necessary that soil farm be properly analyzed before use in snail activities and development. It mixture of sand and clay in good proportion retains water and therefore is not suitable on the other hand clay during the rains is water logged and cakes up during the dry period too hard for the snails to burr ow through. Loamy soil is recommended as it contains enough organic matter with good retentive capacity. Acidic soil should be avoided. If it can not be avoided liming is encouraged in such situation.Periodic application of calcium is also encouraged where and when it is absent. The soil should not contain harmful salts or be so alkaline so as net to burn the snails (Akinuvsi 2000). 4. 2. HOVESING Snails are known to escape from enclosures that are not properly protected or covered. It therefore becomes imperative that snail houses should be protected to prevent the snails from escaping and predator free. The housing for raising snails varies with the purpose, however it could be made of wooden materials wire mesh or even local materials whether outdoor or indoor.CHAPTER FIVE 5. 1. Conclusion This review attempted to examine the contribution of snail farming to poverty reduction in Nigeria. The paper emphasized that snail farming is a veritable means of complementing the carbohydrat e meals of the totality of Nigeria as well as a means of generating income and to achieving self sufficiency as it provides self employment to the people. To be able to achieve this, government should encourage investors in this area financially and extension services.It is, therefore, recommended that Government should take more than a cursory interest in snail farming by encouraging investors through progression of an enabling environmental, financial and technical support. REFERENCES Agboola, F. K. , Fagbohunka, B. S. and Adenuga, G. A. (2008). Activities of Archachatina marginata heamolymph enzymes: clues to terrestrial snails’ salt intolerance. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences (2)1: 6 – 71. Abere, S. A. and Lameed, G. A. (2008). The medicinal utilization of snails in some selected states in Nigeria. In: Onyekwelu, J.C. Adekunle, V. A. J. and Oke, D. O. (eds. ). Proceeding of the first National conference of the Forests and Forest Products Society (FFPs) held in Akure, Ondo State between 11th and 18th of April, 2008. Pp 233 – 237. Ademosun, A. A. , Omidiji, M. O. (1999). The nutrient value of African giant land snail (Archachatina marginata). Journal of Animal Protection Research 8(2): 876 – 877. Adeyeye, E. I. (1996). Waste yield, Proximate and mineral Composition of three different types of land snail found in Nigeria. International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition 42(2): 111-116.

Pride and Prejudice Personal Response Essay

Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, is a great representation of how life in the 1800s would have been. Placement in society played a major role and most of her characters only did what society permitted them to do. The people who you were surrounded around either broke you or made you an influence on the town. The women seemed to look only for someone to marry them, not for someone to love them. The women in this novel, searched for men with wealth and power. They only looked on the surface and did not care enough to look beyond. They seemed like all other women of their time, only looking for a man to call husband, and to keep them as accessories, rather than lovers. This book, in my opinion, did not show many deep feelings, or any love involved, apart from Elizabeth. It showed that most women were materialistic and believed what you possessed made you as a person. Marriage was not a sign of love represented in the book, but as just a prize to show off to others. The book does not show the characters with much individuality, projecting all the women looking for the same thing: a handsome husband with money. Looking at this, I think that Austen did it intentionally. All the other characters were foils to make Elizabeth stand out. Austen may have very much exaggerated the desire of women desperately wanting marriage but, Elizabeth showed that not every decision was based on financial stability, seeing that she rejected two potential husbands. My favorite thing about this book is Elizabeth’s intelligent observations about the other characters. She is able to see through all the nonsense in her life. She had a mind of her own and she knew how to use it, she was not going to be swayed by women like Lady Catherine, who did nothing but judge those who she felt were not equivalent to her. Yet, in my opinion, one character is not enough to account for all the other character’s personalities as they are mostly superficial.

Egyptian Music essays

Egyptian Music essays There are no specific words to describe the beauty of Egyptian music. Although I have lived there all my life, I only took notice of the ingenuity around two years ago; when I started playing the guitar. Egypt is located in the heart of the Middle East. It has always been the doors from Africa to Asia and vice versa, therefore, a strategic point on the map. From this, Egypt has been under constant invasion throughout her millennia life, for both her strategic point and wealth. However, it also brought in different cultures into the existing one, and blended in perfectly. So, in time Egyptian culture became a mix of different backgrounds, and that affected its music greatly. Being the latest occupants of Egypt, music from the vast Arabian Desert is probably the main style and influence in music today. If you listen to Egyptian music today, you will hear a distinctive beat that is almost in every song, sort of like the 16 beat of western music. Conversely, it does not mean that Egyptian music is based upon rhythm; it is actually the melody that is most important and professionally done. One can only describe the melody as an arabesque painting. In arabesque, there are many fine delicate curves that branch out and are interwoven through each other, but if you look closely, you will find a centre to the picture where all the curves seem to originate from. To understand melody, one must know about scales and instruments used. Though traditional Western music uses only whole-step and half-step intervals, Arab melodies often incorporate quartertones to create such intervals as quartertones, three-quarter tones, five-quarter tones, and one-and-a-half tones. By combining a number of these intervals to form scale like segments, and further combining these formed segments, a type of melodic mode may be created on which Arab improvisations or compositions are based. To implement this on an instrument, especially a stringed one, it has to be ...

Elementary School Requirements and Qualifications

Elementary School Requirements and Qualifications Becoming a teacher requires compassion, dedication, hard work and a lot of patience. If you want to teach in an elementary school, there are a few basic teacher qualifications that you will have to achieve. Education In order to teach in an elementary school classroom, prospective teachers must first get accepted into an education program and complete a bachelors degree. During this program, students typically are required to take several different courses on a range of topics. These topics may include educational psychology, childrens literature, specific math and methods courses, and classroom field experience. Each education program requires specific classes on how to teach for all the subject areas a teacher would cover. Student Teaching Student teaching is a crucial part of the education program. This is where students are required to gain hands-on experience by logging a specific amount of hours in the classroom. This allows the aspiring teachers to learn how to prepare lesson plans, manage a classroom and get an overall general experience on how it is to teach in a classroom. Licensing and Certification Although the requirements vary from state to state, each state does require that individuals must take and pass a general teaching exam and a content-specific exam on the subject they want to teach. Candidates that want to acquire a teaching license must hold a bachelors degree, have had a background check, and completed the teaching exams. All public schools require teachers to be licensed, but some private schools only require a college degree in order to teach. Background Check To ensure the safety of the children most states require teachers to be fingerprinted and undergo a criminal background check before they will hire a teacher. Continuing Education Once individuals have received a Bachelor of Science or Arts in Education, most go on to receive their Masters degree. A few states require that teachers receive their Masters degree in order to receive their tenure or professional license. This degree also places you in a higher pay scale and can position you in an advanced education role such as a school counselor or administrator. If you choose not to get your Masters degree, then teachers must still complete their continuing education each year. This varies by state and school district and may include seminars, specific training or taking additional college courses. Private Schools All public schools require teachers to be licensed, but some private schools only require a college degree in order to teach. Generally, prospective teachers do not need to meet state standards and have a teaching license in order to teach in a private school. With this said, private school teachers usually do not make as much money as public school teachers. Essential Skills/Duties Elementary school teachers must possess the following skills: Have patienceBe able to collaborate with other teachersExplain new conceptsEngage students in learningManage classroomAdapt lessonsWork with diverse backgroundsBe a leaderCommunicate and interact with parents, teachers, and studentsSolve problems that may ariseFacilitate social relationshipsServe as a role modelSupervise activitiesAttend seminars and meetingsDeliver instruction based on individual needs Getting Ready to Apply for Jobs Once you have completed all of your teacher requirements, you are now ready to start looking for a job. Use the following articles below to help you before you begin your search. Landing Your First Teaching JobDeveloping a Professional Teaching PortfolioBasics of a Teacher Resume

Manage the Product Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Manage the Product - Essay Example By focusing on software and service, the company shall have differentiated her products from the aggressive competitors especially from China. Generally, Samsung accelerates product innovation, maximize her profitability, and is determined to improve design, launch, and support her products. Samsung has position as the heart, mind, and voice of their worldwide consumers by closely monitoring their behaviors. Samsung works closely with her partners and consumers to understand how the customer behavior and marketplaces evolve. The company believes that the Software will enable their consumers to utilize both their services and devices and even understand consumers’ preference, satisfaction and improve on other areas of weakness (Cheng Web). Samsung believes that by investing in software that will enable the company receive feedback from their customers; they will definitely be smarter and quicken the evolution of the products. Investing in software will improve sales of Samsung’s hardware. The company plans to develop software that will support their main hardware business thus adding value to the hardware and boosting sales (Cheng Web). Samsung already sells a good number of screens compared to any other company globally and developing support for the hardware will make the company have a very huge platform of distributing their content and services. The company believes that careful and wonderful integration of both the software and hardware will be significant in enabling them sell the best products in the market. Samsung believes that working with startups will highly create the innovation that the company normally is normally committed to achieving. The company believes in initiating startups by having open discussions with top software and Services Company that will ensure a few people working a breakthrough